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Ap Biology Reading Guide Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw Chapter 4 Answers

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Chapter 22: Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life

Every bit you study this chapter, read several paragraphs at a time to catch the flow of ideas and understand the reasoning that is being described. In some places, the text describes a narrative or story of events that led to Darwin'southward theory of evolution. Therefore, starting time read the narrative to absorb the big motion-picture show and then render to answer the few questions that accompany this material.

Overview


      1. Define evolution broadly so give a narrower definition, equally discussed in the overview.

Concept 22.ane The Darwinian revolution challenged the traditional view of a young Earth inhabited by unchanging species

This section takes a expect at the historical setting and influences on Darwin, and it sets the stage for our formal written report of evolution.


      1. How did each of the following sources view the origin of species?

Aristotle and Scala Naturae The Erstwhile Testament


Carolus Linnaeus Georges Cuvier

      1. Explain the function of fossils in stone strata every bit a window to life in earlier times.

      1. How would Georges Cuvier take explained the appearance of the record of life shown in the rock strata?

      1. James Hutton and Charles Lyell were geologists whose ideas strongly influenced Darwin's thinking. What were the ideas each of them contributed?

James Hutton Charles Lyell


      1. What is the importance of the principle of uniformitarianism?


      1. Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck proposed a mechanism for how life changes over time. Explicate the two principles of his machinery.

use and disuse

inheritance of acquired characteristics


      1. Although Lamarck's machinery of evolution does not explain the changes in species over time, his thinking has been influential. What is considered to be the peachy importance of his ideas?

Concept 22.2 Descent with modification past natural selection explains the adaptations of organisms and the unity and multifariousness of life


      1. Charles Darwin proposed that the mechanism of evolution is natural option and that it explains how adaptations arise. What are adaptations? Give two examples of adaptations.

      1. Explain the process of natural selection.


      1. Allow'due south try to summarize Darwin's observations that drive changes in species over fourth dimension:

Observation

Cite an Instance

i. Variations in traits exist.

two. These variations (traits) are heritable.

3. Species overproduce.

four. There is competition for resources; non all offspring survive.

      1. From these four observations, which two inferences did Darwin make?

      1. It is of import to call up that differences in heritable traits tin atomic number 82 to differential reproductive success. This means that the individuals who accept the necessary traits to promote survival in the current environs will leave the most offspring. What can this differential reproductive success lead to over time?

      1. To demonstrate your understanding of this department, consummate the post-obit sentences:

do not evolve. evolve.

Now, take out your highlighter and mark the information in the box above. Concur these ideas firmly in your encephalon! Finally, if you are ever asked to explain Darwin's theory of development past natural selection (a mutual AP essay question), do not pull out the phrase "survival of the fittest." Instead, cite the points made in question 11 and explain the inferences that are fatigued from them.

Concept 22.three Evolution is supported by an overwhelming amount of scientific evidence


      1. Use Figure 22.13 to explain how John Endler's work with guppies demonstrated observable evolutionary change.


      1. What is the role of 3TC in inhibiting HIV reproduction?


      1. Explicate the evolution of drug resistance to 3TC.

      1. Do antibiotics cause bacteria to become resistant? Explicate your response.

      1. Let'south make a listing of the four evidences for evolution that are described in this concept.

Evidence for Evolution

      1. How does the fossil record give evidence for evolution?


      1. What is meant by each of the following terms? Give an example of each.

Term

Example

Homologous structures

Vestigial structures

Analogous structures

(meet p. 465)

      1. How do homologous structures give bear witness for evolution?

      1. What is summarized in an evolutionary tree?

      1. Figure 22.19 shows an evolutionary tree. What is indicated by each branch indicate? Mark each branch point.

      1. What is indicated past the hatch marks?


      1. Use the tree beneath to answer this question: Are crocodiles more closely related to lizards or to birds? Explain your response.


      1. On the evolutionary tree, label the vertical lines to the correct, and annotate the fundamental characteristic that marks each group.

      1. Organisms that are only distantly related can resemble each other. Explain convergent evolution, and draw how coordinating structures can arise.

      1. Convergent evolution might be summarized like this: Similar problem, similar solution. Can you give two examples of convergent evolution?


Study Tip

Homologous structures bear witness evidence of relatedness. (whale fin, bat fly)
Analogous structures are similar solutions to similar problems simply exercise non signal shut relatedness. (bird wing, butterfly wing)


      1. What is biogeography? How is it affected by continental drift and the presence of endemic species?

Let'due south wrap upwardly all of these ideas with a final summary.



ORGANIZE YOUR THOUGHTS

  1. Evolution is change in species over time.

  2. Heritable variations exist within a population.

  3. These variations tin result in differential reproductive success.

  4. Over generations, this can result in changes in the genetic composition of the population.

And call up: Individuals do non evolve! Populations evolve.


Testing Your Knowledge: Self-Quiz Answers

Now yous should be prepare to examination your knowledge. Place your answers here:


1. 2. 3. iv. five. 6.

Name Period


Chapter 23: The Evolution of Populations

This chapter begins with the idea that nosotros focused on as we airtight the last chapter: Individuals practise not evolve! Populations evolve. The Overview looks at the work of Peter and Rosemary Grant with Galápagos finches to illustrate this point, and the residual of the affiliate examines the alter in populations over fourth dimension. As in the last chapter, starting time read each concept to become the large motion-picture show and so become back to work on the details presented by our questions. Don't lose sight of the conceptual understanding by getting lost in the details!

Overview


  1. What is microevolution?

  1. What are the three main mechanisms that can cause changes in allele frequency?


  1. Which is the just mechanism that is adaptive, or improves the match between organisms and their environment?

Concept 23.1 Mutation and sexual reproduction produce the genetic variation that makes evolution possible


  1. Because Darwin did not know about the work of Gregor Mendel, he could not explain how organisms pass heritable traits to their offspring. In looking at genetic variation, what are discrete characters, and what are quantitative characters?


  1. Using the techniques of molecular biological science, what are the two means of measuring genetic variation in a population?


  1. Geographic variation may be shown in a graded manner along a geographic axis known as a cline. What external factors might produce a cline? Why does the existence of a cline propose natural option?


  1. What is the ultimate source of new alleles?

  1. Mutations are any alter in the nucleotide sequence of an organism's Deoxyribonucleic acid. These mutations provide the raw material from which new traits may arise and be selected. What occurs in a point mutation?

  1. What is translocation? How could it be beneficial?

  1. How does gene duplication occur? How might it play a part in evolution?


  1. Much of the genetic variation that makes evolution possible comes through sexual reproduction. What are the three mechanisms by which sexual reproduction shuffles existing alleles?

Concept 23.ii The Hardy-Weinberg equation can exist used to test whether a population is evolving


  1. What is a population?


  1. What is a factor pool?


  1. The greater the number of fixed alleles, the lower the species' diversity. What does information technology mean to say that an allele is fixed?


  1. The Hardy-Weinberg principle is used to describe a population that is not evolving.What does this principle land?


  1. If the frequency of alleles in a population remains constant, the population is at Hardy- Weinberg equilibrium. There are 5 conditions for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. It is very of import for y'all to know these conditions, then enter them neatly into the box below.

CONDITIONS FOR HARDY-WEINBERG EQUILIBRIUM


i.

2.

3.

4.

v.

It is not very likely that all 5 of these atmospheric condition volition occur, is it? Allelic frequencies modify. Populations evolve. This data can be tested by applying the Hardy Weinberg equation. Let'southward look at how to practice this.



Equation for Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
p two + 2 pq + q 2 = 1
Where p 2 is equal to the frequency of the homozygous ascendant in the population, iipq is equal to the frequency of all the heterozygotes in the population, and q 2 is equal to the frequency of the homozygous recessive in the population.
Consider a gene locus that exists in ii allelic forms, A and a, in a population.
Let p = the frequency of A, the ascendant allele and q = the frequency of a, the recessive allele.

So,


p ii = AA,

q 2 = aa,

2 pq = Aa
If we know the frequency of 1 of the alleles, we can calculate the frequency of the other allele:

p + q = one, and then

p = 1 – q q = one – p


  1. And so, here is a problem to try. Suppose in a plant population that red flowers (R) are dominant to white flowers (r). In a population of 500 individuals, 25% show the recessive phenotype. How many individuals would you expect to be homozygous dominant and heterozygous for this trait? (A complete solution for this trouble is at the cease of this Reading Guide.)

  1. In a population of plants, 64% exhibit the dominant bloom color (reddish), and 36% of the plants have white flowers. What is the frequency of the dominant allele? (There are a couple of twists in this problem, so read and think carefully. A complete solution for this trouble is at the terminate of this Reading Guide.)

Concept 23.3 Natural selection, genetic drift, and gene menstruation can alter allele frequencies in a population


  1. First, let's try to summarize the big idea from this section. Scan through the entire concept to pull out this information. Three major factors alter allelic frequency and bring most evolutionary modify. List each gene, and give an caption.

Factor

Explanation

  1. Which of the factors higher up results in a random, nonadaptive change in allelic frequencies?

  1. Which of the factors above tends to reduce the genetic differences between populations and make populations more than similar?

  1. Of the three factors you listed above, only i results in individuals that are better suited to their surround. Which is it?

  1. Explain what happens in each of these examples of genetic drift:

founder upshot bottleneck effect

Concept 23.4 Natural selection is the just machinery that consistently causes adaptive evolution


  1. In evolutionary terms, fitness refers only to the ability to get out offspring and contribute to the genetic pool of the next generation. It may have nothing to practise with being large, or strong, or aggressive. Define relative fitness.

  1. What is the relative fettle of a sterile mule?

  1. Figure 23.xiii is important considering it helps explain the three modes of pick. Label each type of selection, and fill in the chart to explain what is occurring.


Type of Option

How It Works

Stabilizing

Directional

Disruptive

  1. What is oft the result of sexual option?

  1. What is the departure between intrasexual selection and intersexual pick? Give an example of each blazon of pick.

  1. Explain two ways in which genetic variation is preserved in a population.

  1. Discuss what is meant past heterozygote advantage, and use sickle-cell anemia as an example.

  1. Finally, requite four reasons why natural choice cannot produce perfect organisms.

Testing Your Noesis: Self-Quiz Answers

Now you should be ready to test your noesis. Place your answers here: ane. 2. iii. 4. v.


Solution to Question 17
Let p = frequency of the ascendant allele (R) and q = frequency of the recessive allele (r).
ane. q 2 = frequency of the homozygous recessive = 25% = 0.25. Since q 2 = 0.25, q = 0.v. 2. At present, p + q =1, and then p = 0.v.

three. Homozygous dominant individuals are RR or p 2 = 0.25, and they will correspond (0.25)(500) = 125 individuals.


4. The heterozygous individuals are calculated from 2pq = (2)(0.5)(0.five) = 0.5, and in a population of 500 individuals will be (0.5)(500) = 250 individuals.

Solution to Question xviii
This problem requires you to recognize that individuals with the dominant trait tin be either homozygous or heterozygous. Therefore, you cannot simply take the square root of 0.64 to get p. For problems of this type, you must brainstorm with the homozygous recessive grouping. So . . .
Permit p = frequency of the dominant allele (R) and q = frequency of the recessive allele (r)
i. q 2 = frequency of the homozygous recessive = 36% = 0.36. Because q 2 = 0.36, q = 0.6. two. Now, p + q =i, and so p = 0.4.

3. Observe that this problem asks for the frequency of the dominant allele (p), not the frequency of the homozygous dominant individuals (p 2). And then, you are done . . . the frequency of the ascendant allele = xl%.


Name Menses


Chapter 24: The Origin of Species

Overview


  1. What was Darwin's "mystery of mysteries"?

  1. Ascertain speciation.

  1. Distinguish between microevolution and macroevolution.

Concept 24.i The biological species concept emphasizes reproductive isolation


  1. Use the biological species concept to define species.


  1. What is required for the germination of new species?


  1. What are hybrids?


  1. Explicate the two types of barriers that maintain reproductive isolation.

  1. The following charts summarize the diverse ways that reproductive isolation is maintained. Explain and give an instance of each type of isolating mechanism.

Prezygotic Reproductive Barriers

Explanation

Example

Habitat isolation

Temporal isolation

Behavioral isolation

Mechanical isolation

Gametic isolation


Postzygotic Reproductive Barriers

Caption

Example

Reduced hybrid viability

Reduced hybrid fertility

Hybrid breakdown


  1. The concept of reproductive isolation is essential for an agreement of speciation, so we are going to have you look at information technology again. Refer to Figure 24.4, and label the sketch beneath. Name each type of isolating mechanism.

Concept 24.2 Speciation can have place with or without geographic separation


  1. Gene flow tin can be interrupted in two principal ways. Explain and give an example of each by labeling and annotating this effigy, which shows an ancestral species of fish so the ii modes of speciation.


  1. What type of speciation is caused past a barrier such equally the Grand Canyon?
.

  1. Sympatric speciation occurs in populations that live in the same geographic surface area. How is this possible?

  1. Your response to question 13 should take listed polyploidy, habitat differentiation, and sexual selection. These are not piece of cake concepts to empathize, then allow's spend some time with each of them. To begin, use the following figure to explain autopolyploidy.


  1. Now, use this figure to explain allopolyploid speciation.


  1. Before we go out allopatric and sympatric speciation, explain what happens in sexual option, and how this procedure tin drive sympatric speciation.

Concept 24.3 Hybrid zones provide opportunities to written report factors that cause reproductive isolation


  1. What are hybrid zones?

Concept 24.iv Speciation can occur rapidly or slowly, and it tin can outcome from changes in few or many genes


  1. Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge coined the term punctuated equilibria. What is meant by a punctuated blueprint?


  1. This effigy shows ii dissimilar views of speciation. Label this figure, and explicate how each of the pictures explains speciation.

Testing Your Knowledge: Self-Quiz Answers

Now you should be ready to test your noesis. Place your answers hither:


1. two. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Name Period


Chapter 25: The History of Life on Globe

Overview


    1. In the last chapter, you were asked about macroevolution. To begin this chapter, give some examples of macroevolution. Include at least one novel case non in your text.

Concept 25.1 Atmospheric condition on early on Globe made the origin of life possible


    1. How old is the planet? How sometime is the primeval evidence of life on Earth?

    1. The current theory of the origin of life suggests a sequence of four main stages. Summarize them here.

1.

2.

iii.

four.

    1. In your chart above, the first phase is the synthesis of organic molecules. Consider the early planet, probably thick with water vapor and stinky with methane, ammonia, and hydrogen sulfide. What gas was missing from this early on mix? Why?

    1. A. I. Oparin and J. B. S. Haldane hypothesized that the early atmosphere was a reducing environs. What did they suggest was the source of energy for the early on organic synthesis?

    1. In 1953 at the University of Chicago, Stanly Miller and Harold Urey tested the Oparin- Haldane hypothesis with this apparatus. (It is shown in Chapter 4, Effigy 4.2, then you have seen it earlier.) Explain the elements of this experiment, using arrows to indicate what occurs in various parts of the apparatus.


    1. What was collected in the sample for chemical analysis? What was concluded from the results of this experiment?

    1. What are protobionts? What properties of life do they demonstrate?

    1. What did Thomas Cech propose was the kickoff genetic textile, DNA or RNA?

    1. What are ribozymes?


    1. Explain the evidence for an early "RNA world."

Concept 25.2 The fossil record documents the history of life


    1. In what type of rock are fossils found?

    1. What practise we not know from analyzing rock strata?


    1. Rocks and fossils are dated in several means. Relative dating uses the society of rock strata to decide the relative age of fossils. Radiometric dating uses the decay of radioactive isotopes to determine the age of the rocks or fossils. It is based on the rate of decay, or half-life of the isotope. To determine the absolute historic period of a fossil, radiometric dating is used. Use this figure to explain the concept of radiometric dating. Label fundamental elements.


    1. What is the historic period range for which carbon-14 dating may be used?

    1. To engagement fossils exterior the rage of carbon-14 dating, researchers use indirect methods of establishing accented fossil historic period. Explain two of these methods, potassium-twoscore and magnetism shifts.


    1. What are 3 groups of tetrapods?

    1. Cite three ways of distinguishing mammal fossils from the other two groups of tetrapods.

Concept 25.three Central events in life's history include the origins of single-celled and multicelled organisms and the colonization of land


    1. What was the primeval form of life on the planet? How long ago did this life-form first occur?

    1. What unique ability was originated with cyanobacteria? How did this modify life on Earth and lead to a moving ridge of mass extinctions?


    1. The first eukaryotes did not announced until approximately two.1 billion years ago. Using the figure, label and explicate the development of eukaryotes by endosymbiosis.


    1. Summarize three lines of prove that support the model of endosymbiosis.

    1. Utilize the clock model to annotation the post-obit events in the life of the planet: origin of the Earth, appearance of prokaryotes, evolution of atmospheric oxygen, occurrence of eukaryotic cells, multicellularity, and life moves onto land. For each effect, also label the number of years agone it occurred.

Concept 25.4 The rise and autumn of ascendant groups reverberate continental migrate, mass extinctions, and adaptive radiations


    1. If yous have not studied geology, you volition discover this concept introduces a fascinating look at the changes in our planet as explained by continental drift. Define continental migrate. How can continents move?

    1. On the figure below, characterization Pangaea, Gondwana, and Laurasia.


    1. Encounter if you tin can answer each of these short questions:

      1. What is the San Andreas Fault?

      1. What caused the uplift of the Himalayas?

      1. How can a fossil freshwater reptile be constitute in both Brazil and west Africa, areas separated today by a wide expanse of sea?

      1. Why are no eutherians (placental) mammals ethnic to Australia?

    1. A mass extinction is the loss of large numbers of species in a brusque menstruation, caused by global environmental changes. What acquired the Permian mass extinction 250 million years ago (mya)? Summarize the species that were lost.

    1. A second important mass extinction is the Cretaceous mass extinction that happened near 65 mya. Anybody'due south favorite group, the dinosaurs, was lost, along with more than half of all marine species. What caused information technology?

    1. What are adaptive radiations?

    1. Why did a large-calibration adaptive radiation occur afterwards each mass extinction?

Concept 25.5 Major changes in body form can outcome from changes in the sequences and regulation of developmental genes


    1. What two areas of biology are merged in the subject field unremarkably called evo-devo?


    1. What is an evolutionary change in the charge per unit or timing of developmental events?


    1. Homeotic genes are master regulatory genes that determine the location and organization of trunk parts. Mutations in a homeotic cistron tin can take a profound effect on morphology. Homeotic gene mutations can contribute to the potential for evolutionary change. The Hox genes are one class of homeotic genes. What practice they control?

Concept 25.6 Evolution is not goal oriented


    1. When a structure that has evolved in one context becomes co-opted for another purpose, this event is called .

Testing Your Knowledge: Self-Quiz Answers

Now you should exist ready to exam your knowledge. Place your answers hither:


1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.


Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.


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